I expected FASTING GIRLS: The History of Anorexia Nervosa by Joan Jacobs
Brumberg to be a tedious read. After all, it is the newly revised and
updated
historical study of eating disorders. But this is a subject that interests
me, so I prepared for a long, slow ride. I was quite pleasantly surprised to
find FASTING to be a clearly written and fast paced book.
The death of singer Karen Carpenter was the first time many people learned
of
the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia. After that they became
popular topics for the ever increasing number of talk shows. But it turns
out
that women obsessing about what they eat is nothing new. In fact, FASTING
shows it is the sad phenomenon of history repeating itself.
For example, in 1873, Charles Lasègue wrote L'ANOREXIE HYSTERIQUE, "the
first
real glimpse of the pressurized family environment in anorexia nervosa." A
member of early French psychiatry, Lasègue said that l'anorexie hysterique
typically began between ages 15-20. He went on to identify three stages of
the disease.
In the first stage, a young woman might express a general uneasiness after
eating. She would use this discomfort as a reason for reducing her intake of
food. During stage two, anorexia became the "sole object of preoccupation
and
conversation" for the patient, while the physician remained in the
background. Finally, in stage three, the physical deterioration of the
patient became so pronounced that if family and friends had not already done
so, they sought the help of an experienced medical professional.
This doesn't really sound all that different from the cycle of people
suffering from eating disorders as we hear it discussed today. But why would
a young woman deliberately starve herself? Although there is some dissension
as to what is the most important factor, the cultural environment is
universally considered to be a contributing factor.
For example, in the Victorian Era (1850-1900) both mothers and daughters
were
concerned that their appetite for food not give the wrong impression of
their
appetite for sex. Spicy foods and meat were considered to stimulate passion
as well as the palate. In addition, Victorian society considered it
unfeminine for women to be seen eating or to be involved in the preparation
of food. Since food and eating also led to digestion and defecation, women
felt it was better not to eat at all. In fact, some women "boasted that the
calls of Nature upon them averaged but one or two demands per week."
FASTING shows that in the Victorian age, "Careful, abstemious eating was
presented as insurance against ugliness and loss of love." This doesn't
sound
much different from the messages of today's media. The drawings and photos
in
the book prove that fasting women are nothing new. Particularly haunting is
the first published photo of an anorectic girl. The photo appeared in the
October 5, 1932 issue of The New England Journal of Medicine. FASTING is a
fascinating book whether you are researching the subject of eating disorders
or just satisfying your own curiosity.
--- Reviewed by Michelle Calabro Hubbard
